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Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Sex estimation from upper limb bones in a Thai population.

Phuwadon Duangto¹, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh^2,3,4

¹Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.

Anatomy & Cell Biology

|April 11, 2020

Summary

Forensic identification uses upper limb bone measurements for sex estimation in Thai populations. Discriminant function equations derived from humerus, ulna, and radius provide accurate sex determination.

Keywords:

Sex estimation Thai Upper limb bone

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Area of Science:

Forensic anthropology
Osteology
Human identification

Background:

Sex estimation from skeletal remains is crucial for forensic identification.
Upper limb bones (humerus, ulna, radius) exhibit sexual dimorphism.

Purpose of the Study:

Assess sexual dimorphism in Thai upper limb bones.
Develop discriminant function equations for sex estimation in a Thai population.

Main Methods:

Measured 12 variables from humerus, ulna, and radius of 228 Thai skeletons.
Utilized univariate and multivariate discriminant function analyses.
Applied Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains.

Main Results:

Male upper limb bones were significantly longer than female bones (P<0.05).
Epicondylar breadth of humerus, physiological length of ulna, and midshaft diameter of radius were key univariate indicators.
A multivariate equation using ulna and radius variables showed the highest accuracy.

Conclusions:

Discriminant function equations from upper limb bones offer accurate sex estimation in Thai samples.
Developed equations are applicable for reliable sex determination in forensic contexts involving Thai individuals.