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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

A Novel Saturation Mutagenesis Approach: Single Step Characterization of Regulatory Protein Binding Sites in RNA Using Phosphorothioates
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RNA Phosphorothioate Modification in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Ying Wu, Yaning Tang, Xiaolong Dong

    ACS Chemical Biology
    |April 11, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers discovered the first RNA phosphorothioate (PS) modification in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This novel RNA modification, GpsG, was found on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in bacteria and human cells.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • RNA modifications are crucial for RNA structure, gene expression, and translation.
    • The phosphate backbone of RNA is a primary target for regulatory modifications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the discovery of the first RNA phosphorothioate (PS) modification.
    • To investigate the presence and location of this modification in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • To explore the potential role of Dnd gene clusters in RNA PS modification.

    Main Methods:

    • Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for quantification.
    • Gene knockout experiments (DndA in E. coli) were performed.
    • Analysis of rRNA and total RNA from various cell types.

    Main Results:

    • The RNA phosphorothioate (PS) modification, specifically GpsG in the Rp configuration, was identified in both prokaryotes (E. coli, L. lactis) and eukaryotes (HeLa cells).
    • This modification was localized to ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
    • Dnd gene clusters involved in DNA PS modification may also regulate RNA PS modification.

    Conclusions:

    • The discovery of RNA PS modification expands the known landscape of nucleic acid modifications.
    • The GpsG modification is conserved across different species and found on rRNA.
    • Further research into the function and regulation of RNA PS modifications is warranted.