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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model
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Biocompatible liquid-crystal elastomers mimic the intervertebral disc.

Rajib K Shaha1, Daniel R Merkel1, Mitchell P Anderson1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid-crystal elastomers (LCEs) show promise for load-bearing biomedical applications due to their tunable mechanical properties. These advanced materials exhibit anisotropic behavior and biocompatibility, making them suitable for tissue engineering and medical devices.

Keywords:
Annulus fibrosusBiocompatibilityBiomaterialIntervertebral disc implantLiquid crystal elastomerNucleus pulposusPorous LCEWettability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Conventional elastomeric materials struggle to meet the mechanical demands of load-bearing soft tissues.
  • Liquid-crystal elastomers (LCEs) offer a unique combination of mesogenic order and elastomeric properties for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical behavior of LCEs for load-bearing biomedical applications.
  • To evaluate the in vivo biological response and in vitro stability of LCEs under physiological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of LCEs in polydomain and monodomain configurations to control network orientation.
  • Mechanical testing of LCEs under various loading conditions to assess anisotropic behavior.
  • In vivo subcutaneous implantation in rats and in vitro exposure to simulated physiological environments.

Main Results:

  • LCEs exhibited diverse mechanical properties, tunable by network orientation, including high stiffness, elasticity, and damping capacity.
  • LCEs successfully mimicked the anisotropic mechanical behavior of intervertebral discs.
  • LCEs demonstrated negligible changes in mechanical response after exposure to simulated physiological conditions.
  • Implanted LCEs showed no adverse effects and promoted tissue ingrowth, indicating good biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • LCEs possess tunable anisotropic mechanical properties suitable for load-bearing biomedical applications.
  • LCEs exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability in physiological environments.
  • LCEs show significant potential for use in implantable biological devices, such as total disc replacement systems.