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Exploring pharmacy ethics in developing countries: a scoping review.

Leen B Fino1,2, Iman A Basheti1,2, Bandana Saini1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
|April 12, 2020
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Summary

This review highlights a significant gap in pharmacy ethics literacy in developing nations, with pharmacists often facing ethical dilemmas due to financial pressures and a lack of autonomy respect. Efforts are underway to improve ethical education and implement new codes of conduct.

Keywords:
Developing countriesLiterature reviewPharmacy ethicsPharmacy ethics teaching

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Ethics
  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • Foundational bioethical principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for autonomy influence global medical ethics.
  • These principles are integrated into professional pharmacy codes of ethics worldwide.
  • Pharmacy ethics research in developing countries is underexplored, with limited literature focusing on non-western contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the scope of pharmacy ethics within the literature concerning developing countries.
  • To identify and synthesize existing research on pharmacy ethics in these regions.

Main Methods:

  • An extensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, CINAHL, and IPA databases (Jan 2000-Feb 2020).
  • Supplementary searches included Google Scholar and hand-searched articles for comprehensive coverage.
  • Twenty relevant full-text articles were qualitatively analyzed and categorized.

Main Results:

  • Identified three key themes: ethical challenges in pharmacy practice, approaches to teaching pharmacy ethics, and analysis/implementation of ethics codes.
  • Revealed a gap in pharmacy ethics literacy and varied ethical attitudes among pharmacists in developing countries.
  • Highlighted issues such as lack of respect for patient autonomy and susceptibility to financial pressures impacting pharmacy practice.

Conclusions:

  • There is a notable deficiency in pharmacy ethics literacy and consistent ethical attitudes in developing countries.
  • Pharmacists' ethical conduct is significantly influenced by financial pressures and inadequate respect for patient autonomy.
  • Ongoing initiatives aim to bridge this gap through enhanced ethical and professional education in undergraduate curricula and the implementation of new ethics codes.