Mechanisms underlying sonoporation: Interaction between microbubbles and cells

The past several decades have witnessed great progress in "smart drug delivery", an advance technology that can deliver genes or drugs into specific locations of patients' body with enhanced delivery efficiency. Ultrasound-activated mechanical force induced by the interactions between microbubbles and cells, which can stimulate so-called "sonoporation" process, has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates to realize spatiotemporal-controllable drug delivery to selected regions. Both experimental and numerical studies were performed to get in-depth understanding on how the microbubbles interact with cells during sonoporation processes, under different impact parameters. The current work gives an overview of the general mechanism underlying microbubble-mediated sonoporation, and the possible impact factors (e.g., the properties of cavitation agents and cells, acoustical driving parameters and bubble/cell micro-environment) that could affect sonoporation outcomes. Finally, current progress and considerations of sonoporation in clinical applications are reviewed also.