A comparative study on the use of palm bark as a supplementary carbon source in partially saturated vertical...

In this study, a comparative investigation of palm bark and corncob (a well-investigated material) for enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency in partially saturated vertical constructed wetland (PSVCW) was performed to evaluate an effective and cost-effective supplementary carbon source. The characteristics of the released organic matter and the release processes were analyzed through optical property characterization and a first-order release-adsorption model, respectively, and the nitrogen removal performance was evaluated in a series of pilot-scale PSVCWs. Results showed that the amount of organic matter released per unit mass of corncob was larger than that released per unit mass of palm bark under the same pretreatment conditions (control, heat, and alkaline pretreatment). The organic matter released from corncob has a higher apparent molecular weight and a higher degree of aromatic condensation than those of the organic matter released from palm bark, whereas the organic matter released from palm bark has higher and more stable bioavailability. Moreover, palm bark showed a more significant improvement of release capacity with the heat and alkaline pretreatment methods. Pilot-scale studies revealed that PSVCW using palm bark as the supplementary carbon source has a longer replacement cycle and higher total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency than that using corncob, indicating that palm bark can be considered an effective and inexpensive supplementary carbon source. This study provides initial guidance for the ongoing research on supplementary carbon sources for improving nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands.