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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model
21:16

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model

Published on: July 13, 2009

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Adapting epicutaneous patch testing protocols to assess immediate-type skin reactions.

A Mehling1, S Benard2, N Braun3

  • 1BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|April 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Modified short-term patch tests reliably predict skin irritation from cosmetic products. This new method helps identify potential reactions like stinging and redness, ensuring better product development and consumer safety.

Keywords:
(non-immunological) contact urticariacosmeticsemulsionsepicutaneous patch testingin-use testsafety testingskin compatibility testingskin physiology

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • In vitro and in vivo methods are crucial for assessing skin irritation potential in cosmetic development.
  • Epicutaneous patch testing and use tests are standard methods for evaluating cosmetic safety and consumer acceptance.
  • Correlation between patch test results and use test outcomes for skincare products requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the correlation between traditional patch test results and use tests for skincare (leave-on) products.
  • To investigate the potential for modified patch test protocols to detect immediate-type skin reactions.
  • To establish a reliable screening method for cosmetic formulations that may cause spontaneous skin reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Cosmetic formulations were assessed using both standard patch testing and controlled in-use studies.
  • An optimized, occlusive short-term patch test protocol with a 20-minute application period was developed.
  • Volunteer reactions, including stinging and redness, were monitored and compared between test types.

Main Results:

  • Standard patch tests did not reveal significant irritation, but some volunteers experienced transient stinging and redness.
  • The developed short-term patch test successfully identified these spontaneous reactions.
  • A correlation was found between the intensity of reactions in the short-term patch test and controlled in-use studies.

Conclusions:

  • Simple modifications to existing patch test protocols can yield significant insights into skin reactions.
  • Short-term patch testing serves as a reliable screening method for cosmetic development, particularly for ingredients causing spontaneous reactions.
  • Optimized test strategies incorporating modified protocols enhance the safety and development of cosmetic formulations.