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Ambivalence in Psychotherapy Questionnaire: Development and validation studies.

João Tiago Oliveira1, António P Ribeiro1, Miguel M Gonçalves1

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Ambivalence in psychotherapy, a conflict between changing and maintaining the status quo, significantly impacts therapeutic outcomes. A new questionnaire helps measure this client variable, aiding research and understanding.

Keywords:
ambivalence towards changeprocess of changepsychotherapyreactance to changeresistance to changeself-report

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychotherapy Research

Background:

  • Client engagement in change is crucial for therapeutic success.
  • Ambivalence towards change, an internal conflict, can impede progress and worsen problems.
  • Existing research on ambivalence in therapy is limited and methodologically diverse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a reliable instrument for measuring ambivalence in psychotherapy.
  • To enhance the understanding of ambivalence as a client variable in therapeutic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Content analysis of ambivalence events from previous psychotherapy session data.
  • Factor analysis, reliability, and validity testing of the developed questionnaire with 91 and 223 clients.

Main Results:

  • A two-factor structure for ambivalence was identified: Demoralization and Wavering.
  • The Ambivalence in Psychotherapy Questionnaire demonstrated good psychometric properties.
  • Evidence of good convergent and divergent validity was established.

Conclusions:

  • The Ambivalence in Psychotherapy Questionnaire is a psychometrically sound tool.
  • This measure can facilitate broader empirical investigation into therapeutic ambivalence.
  • Understanding and measuring ambivalence can improve psychotherapy outcomes.