Surface analysis of an eagle talon from Krapina

Area of Science:

• Paleoanthropology
• Archaeology
• Materials Science

Background:

• Krapina Neanderthals created ornaments from white-tailed eagle talons approximately 130,000 years ago.
• Previous studies suggest these talons were used as jewelry, indicating early symbolic behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the composition and origin of materials found on a Krapina Neanderthal talon (386.1).
• To explore the potential use of these talons as symbolic objects through detailed material analysis.

Main Methods:

• Non-invasive infrared synchrotron beam analysis was employed to examine a fiber and pigmented areas on the talon.
• Spectroscopic analysis was used to identify the protein nature of the fiber and the composition of pigments.

Main Results:

• A proteinaceous fiber of animal origin, identified as degraded collagen, was found within a cut mark.
• Traces of red and yellow ochre pigments and black charcoal stains were detected on the talon.
• The fiber's structure indicated diagenetic decay, confirming its ancient origin and possible use as binding material (leather or sinew).

Conclusions:

• The findings support the hypothesis that Krapina Neanderthals used eagle talons as ornaments or jewelry.
• The presence of pigments and potential binding materials suggests a more complex symbolic or decorative purpose.
• Advanced non-invasive technologies offer new avenues for studying prehistoric artifacts and symbolic behaviors.