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Related Concept Videos

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Chapter 6 Protein Sorting in the Secretory Pathway.

Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan1, David E Misek2, Dora Vega De Salas1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York.

Current Topics in Membranes and Transport
|April 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Protein sorting directs proteins and lipids from synthesis sites to over 30 cellular destinations. Key factors include synthesis location, sorting signals, and membrane translocation mechanisms for proper cell function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Proteins and lipids are synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix.
  • These molecules are distributed to over 30 final destinations within the cell.
  • Molecular sorting is crucial for protein and lipid localization to their functional sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define molecular sorting as the mechanisms distributing molecules from synthesis to function.
  • To outline the factors determining protein localization in eukaryotic cells.
  • To highlight advancements in studying protein and lipid localization.

Main Methods:

  • Cell fractionation techniques.
  • Protein separation methods.
  • Immune precipitation procedures.
  • Recombinant DNA technology.

Main Results:

  • Identified key factors in protein localization: site of synthesis, sorting signals, signal recognition, translocation mechanisms, vesicle fusion-fission, and lateral mobility restrictions.
  • Recent technological advancements facilitate the study of these mechanisms.
  • Recombinant DNA technology accelerates protein primary structure determination.

Conclusions:

  • Protein sorting is a complex process involving multiple coordinated mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of protein and lipid localization within organelles.
  • Availability of experimental models and advanced technologies aids in understanding cellular protein distribution.