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Related Concept Videos

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions
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Viral gastroenteritis.

Ulrich Desselberger1

  • 1is an Honorary Senior Visiting Fellow, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Competing interests: none declared.

Medicine (Abingdon, England : UK Ed.)
|April 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis, like rotaviruses. While rotavirus vaccines are effective, their impact varies globally, highlighting the need for further research and development.

Keywords:
Acute viral gastroenteritisMRCPastrovirusenteric adenovirushuman calicivirusnorovirusrotavirusrotavirus vaccinesapovirus

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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Acute gastroenteritis is commonly caused by viruses including rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses.
  • Rotavirus disease is a significant cause of childhood mortality, particularly in developing nations, with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe dehydration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the virology, immunology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral gastroenteritis.
  • To discuss uncommon viral causes and those affecting immunocompromised individuals.
  • To assess the progress and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines and the development of norovirus vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral gastroenteritis.
  • Analysis of rotavirus vaccine efficacy and impact.
  • Overview of ongoing research in rotavirus and human calicivirus.

Main Results:

  • Rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq) are licensed globally and used in universal mass vaccination programs.
  • Vaccine effectiveness is high in industrialized nations but reduced in low-income regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
  • Significant advancements have been made in the basic research of rotaviruses and human caliciviruses.

Conclusions:

  • Rotavirus vaccines have reduced childhood mortality but exhibit variable efficacy in different regions.
  • Development of vaccines against human norovirus is ongoing.
  • Continued research is crucial for improving gastroenteritis prevention and treatment strategies worldwide.