Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

668
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
668
Storage01:23

Storage

286
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
286
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

260
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
260
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

1.8K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
1.8K
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

495
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
495
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

57.9K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
57.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dissociable structural and molecular pathways of age-related change in sustained attention.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences.

Nature·2026
Same author

Memory and Curiosity for Free Grocery Items and Prices in Younger and Older Adults.

Experimental aging research·2026
Same author

Spot the Scam: Identifying Email Scams and Scam Susceptibility in Younger and Older Adults.

Experimental aging research·2026
Same author

Subjective semantic search space as an estimate of prior knowledge predicts curiosity to learn among younger and older adults.

Psychology and aging·2026
Same author

Associative Memory and Trustworthiness of Artificial Faces in Young and Older Adults.

Experimental aging research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

17.1K

Strategic encoding and enhanced memory for positive value-location associations.

Shawn T Schwartz1, Alexander L M Siegel2, Alan D Castel2

  • 11285 Psychology Tower, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. shawnschwartz@ucla.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|April 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

People selectively remember positive information in visuospatial memory tasks. This study shows a bias towards remembering high-value positive items over negative ones, indicating a points-gained strategy.

Keywords:
Associative memoryNegativityPositivityPresentation formatVisuospatial memory

More Related Videos

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

5.1K
Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

17.1K
A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

5.1K
Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visuospatial Memory

Background:

  • Humans frequently need to remember locations of important or emotionally charged objects.
  • Selective memory for positive and negative information is crucial for survival and decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate selective memory for positive and negative items in the visuospatial domain.
  • To determine if memory biases are automatic or strategic.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied number-items with positive and negative point values in a grid display.
  • Experiments involved sequential, simultaneous, and self-regulated study formats.
  • Participants aimed to maximize scores by correctly remembering item values and locations.

Main Results:

  • Participants recalled high-magnitude items more than low-magnitude items.
  • A positivity preference in memory was observed.
  • In self-regulated study, participants strategically focused more time and attention on positive items.

Conclusions:

  • Visuospatial memory demonstrates a bias towards remembering positive information.
  • This bias appears to be a top-down, strategic process, favoring a points-gained approach over loss aversion.