Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.7K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.7K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

603
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
603
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

1.6K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
1.6K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

39.4K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
39.4K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

6.7K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
6.7K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

554
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
554

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retrospective analysis on safety and efficacy of everolimus in treatment of metastatic renal cancer patients receiving dialysis.

Future oncology (London, England)·2015
Same author

Cerebral circulation time is prolonged and not correlated with EDSS in multiple sclerosis patients: a study using digital subtracted angiography.

PloS one·2015
Same author

Rhabdomyolysis in an elderly multitreated patient: multiple drug interactions after statin withdrawal.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2013
Same author

Successful response of non-recovering Ramsay Hunt syndrome to intravenous high dose methylprednisolone.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2012
Same author

Idiopathic bilateral facial palsy: is a causative role of anti-GM1 ganglioside and herpes simplex type 1 possible?

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2011
Same author

Association of human herpesvirus-6B with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

PLoS medicine·2007

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.2K

Viral infections and multiple sclerosis.

Donatella Donati1

  • 1Neurologia e Neurofisiologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese I 53100 Siena, Italy.

Drug Discovery Today. Disease Models
|April 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple viruses may contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, with evidence from viral markers in patients. Animal models are crucial for studying these viral roles in demyelination.

More Related Videos

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
10:44

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

10.8K
Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.2K
Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
10:44

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

10.8K
Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis Research

Background:

  • The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is multifactorial, with ongoing debate regarding the role of infectious and viral agents.
  • Evidence suggests a link between certain viruses and MS, primarily through detection of viral components or antibody responses in patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review potential mechanisms linking viral infections to MS pathogenesis.
  • To discuss current animal models used for studying viral-induced demyelination.
  • To explore viruses strongly associated with MS and their potential contribution to disease heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral associations with MS.
  • Analysis of *in vitro* and *in vivo* models for studying viral-induced demyelination.
  • Discussion of specific viruses implicated in MS, including Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6).

Main Results:

  • Viral nucleic acid, antigens, or antiviral antibody responses are frequently detected in MS patients.
  • Development of novel *in vivo* models using animal gammaherpesviruses and marmosets expressing HHV-6 receptors.
  • Established *in vitro* models utilize glial and neural cell lines for studying viral effects.

Conclusions:

  • Viruses are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
  • Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms by which viruses contribute to demyelination.
  • Multiple viruses may interact to drive MS heterogeneity, necessitating further research into specific viral roles.