Pb-Based Perovskite Solar Cells and the Underlying Pollution behind Clean Energy: Dynamic Leaching of Toxic...

Toxicants like Pb in lead-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) may become available to humans through leaching and transport through water, air, and soil. Here, we summarize the potential toxicity of different substances in PSCs and determine the leaching concentration of typical heavy metals used in PSCs through dynamic leaching tests (DLTs). Extraction fluids for the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, and deionized water were used as the DLT leaching solutions. Results indicated that the leaching concentration of Pb exceeded the hazardous waste limit of 5 mg/L. In addition, Pb was found to continuously leach out in the leaching cycles of water extraction. The findings confirmed that discarded PSCs may release Pb when subjected to water, rain, and landfill leachate. Total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand analyses indicated that discarded PSCs could increase the oxygen consumption and may release CO₂ into the environment.