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Related Concept Videos

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck01:29

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Hans and Sybil Eysenck developed a widely recognized theory of personality, which emphasizes the role of temperament and genetically based differences in shaping individual traits. Their theory posits that biological factors primarily determine personality and can be understood through two main dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
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Traits and States01:17

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Personality traits represent consistent patterns in behavior, thoughts, and emotions, reflecting an individual's tendencies across various situations. For example, extraversion, a well-known trait, manifests in individuals as talkative, energetic, and enthusiastic behaviors. These traits are stable over time, offering a reliable framework for predicting how people might act in different contexts. However, they do not define every moment of an individual's life. In contrast to traits,...
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Emotional Expression01:26

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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Emotion-focused coping refers to a set of strategies aimed at managing the emotional impact of stressors, rather than directly addressing their causes. This approach involves altering one's emotional response to stressful situations to reduce their psychological effects. For example, individuals might talk with a friend or engage in activities like journaling to express their feelings. Such actions can help achieve emotional clarity or release, providing the psychological stability needed...
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Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Neuroticism may not reflect emotional variability.

Elise K Kalokerinos1, Sean C Murphy2, Peter Koval2,3

  • 1Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; elise.kalokerinos@unimelb.edu.au.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 17, 2020
PubMed
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Neuroticism is linked to experiencing more intense negative emotions, not necessarily more variable ones. This finding revises our understanding of personality traits and mental health predispositions.

Keywords:
emotional variabilityexperience samplingnegative emotionneuroticismpersonality

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Personality Science
  • Emotional Health

Background:

  • Neuroticism, a key personality trait, predicts mental and physical health outcomes.
  • Individual differences in emotional variability are often considered central to neuroticism.
  • Existing research suggests a link between neuroticism and negative emotional variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between neuroticism and negative emotional variability.
  • To determine if the observed association is influenced by measurement artifacts related to mean emotion levels.
  • To re-evaluate the centrality of emotional variability in theories of neuroticism.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis of 11 studies involving 1,205 participants and 83,411 observations was conducted.
  • The study examined the association between neuroticism and negative emotional variability.
  • A relative variability index was used to control for mean negative emotion levels.

Main Results:

  • A medium-sized positive association was found between neuroticism and negative emotional variability.
  • This association disappeared when controlling for mean negative emotion levels using a relative variability index.
  • The findings suggest neuroticism is associated with higher intensity, not greater variability, of negative emotions.

Conclusions:

  • The study challenges the notion that emotional variability is central to neuroticism.
  • Measurement artifacts related to bounded scales may explain the previously observed link.
  • This research offers a revised perspective on how neuroticism influences predisposition to disorders.