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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

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Published on: February 10, 2014

A Robust Bioderived Wavelength-Specific Photosensor Based on BLUF Proteins.

Jing Tong^1,2, Peng Zhang³, Lei Zhang^4,5

¹Science and Technology on Microsytem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.

Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical

|April 17, 2020

Summary

Researchers enhanced the stability of photosensitive proteins by grafting them onto graphene. This breakthrough enables durable, wavelength-selective biophotosensors for advanced applications.

Keywords:

biosensor blue light using flavin charge transfer graphene photodetection photosensitive proteins

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Last Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

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Published on: February 10, 2014

Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis

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Published on: June 4, 2021

A Step Beyond BRET: Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence FUEL

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Published on: May 23, 2014

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Photosensitive proteins are natural light sensors but lack stability for non-biological uses.
Existing photosensors often suffer from degradation under ambient conditions and high temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the stability and wavelength selectivity of photosensitive proteins.
To develop a robust platform for biophotosensors using graphene integration.
To investigate novel negative photoconductivity phenomena in bio-graphene hybrids.

Main Methods:

Grafting blue light using flavin (BLUF) proteins with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or roseoflavin (RoF) onto pristine graphene.
Employing structure-guided cross-linking to improve protein stability.
Utilizing experimental and theoretical analyses to elucidate photoconductivity behavior.

Main Results:

Achieved selective light sensitivity at 450 nm (FAD) and 500 nm (RoF).
Demonstrated 6-month stability under ambient conditions and operation up to 200 °C.
Observed and explained rare negative photoconductivity due to charge transfer dynamics.

Conclusions:

Graphene-grafted BLUF proteins offer enhanced stability and wavelength selectivity for biophotosensors.
The developed system provides a versatile platform for studying photoinduced charge transfer.
This work paves the way for stable, wavelength-specific biophotosensor development.