Endocrine-Related Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proposed Algorithms for Management

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be effective for various advanced neoplasia. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) as a result of increased T cell activation are unique and potentially life-threating toxicities associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Multiple endocrine irAEs, including primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, primary adrenal insufficiency, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hypophysitis, have been reported with the use of various immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some cases, these irAEs can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Here we propose for the general oncologist algorithms for managing endocrine irAEs to aid in the clinical care of patients receiving immunotherapy. KEY POINTS: There is a relative high risk of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, particularly when combination therapy is implemented. Patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have an increased risk of hypophysitis, whereas patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have a higher risk of primary thyroid dysfunction. Rarely, patients develop T1DM and central diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism is a rare occurrence. A growing clinical understanding of endocrine irAEs has led to effective treatment strategies with hormone replacement.