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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Dissecting Programmed Cell Death with Small Molecules.

Yingjie Bai1, Hiu C Lam1, Xiaoguang Lei1,2

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This study developed novel chemical probes and modulators to investigate programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms, revealing new insights into cancer and inflammatory diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial for development and health, but its malfunction is linked to diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.
  • While apoptosis and autophagy are well-studied, other PCD pathways lack sufficient chemical and genetic tools for mechanistic investigation.
  • Existing tools are insufficient to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various PCD types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel chemical probes and modulators for studying programmed cell death (PCD).
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various PCD pathways, including necroptosis and extrinsic apoptosis.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets for PCD-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Function-oriented synthesis and chemical biology strategies were employed to create novel PCD modulators.
  • High-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry were used to discover small molecule agonists and inhibitors.
  • Total synthesis of natural products and bioorthogonal click hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition (TQ-ligation) were utilized for target identification and imaging.

Main Results:

  • Developed necrosulfonamide, revealing mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) as a necroptosis regulator.
  • Discovered bioymifi, an agonist that induces extrinsic apoptosis via death receptor 5 (DR5) oligomerization.
  • Identified ainsliadimer A as an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway by covalently binding to IKKβ, and ainsliatrimer A targeting PPARγ.
  • Identified kongensin A targeting HSP90, inhibiting necroptosis by blocking HSP90-CDC37 interaction.

Conclusions:

  • The developed chemical tools provide effective means for fundamental biomedical research into PCD.
  • These modulators serve as a foundation for drug discovery targeting cancers and inflammatory diseases.
  • The study expands the toolkit for investigating diverse PCD pathways and their associated pathologies.