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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

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Immunologic adverse events from immune checkpoint therapy.

Michael D Richter1, Grant C Hughes1, Sarah H Chung1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapy causes immune-related adverse events (irAEs) due to T cell responses. This review details irAE mechanisms, clinical signs, and management strategies for advanced cancer patients.

Keywords:
CTLA-4Checkpoint inhibitorImmune-related adverse eventImmunotherapyPD-1

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, has advanced cancer treatment.
  • These therapies can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting multiple organ systems.
  • Understanding irAEs is crucial for managing patients with advanced malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunologic pathways underlying irAEs.
  • To describe the clinical manifestations of irAEs.
  • To discuss treatment strategies, guidelines, and challenges in managing irAEs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunologic pathways.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and treatment approaches.
  • Synthesis of current guidelines and challenges.

Main Results:

  • irAEs result from a breakdown of self-tolerance, leading to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
  • Diverse clinical presentations across various organ systems are observed.
  • Treatment is guided by irAE severity and organ involvement.

Conclusions:

  • A multispecialty approach is essential for managing irAEs in cancer patients.
  • Further research into heterogeneous irAE mechanisms is needed.
  • Effective management requires understanding guidelines and challenges of immunosuppression.