Low-Dose CT Screening for Lung Cancer: Evidence from 2 Decades of Study

Lung cancer remains the overwhelmingly greatest cause of cancer death in the United States, accounting for more annual deaths than breast, prostate, and colon cancer combined. Accumulated evidence since the mid to late 1990s, however, indicates that low-dose CT screening of high-risk patients enables detection of lung cancer at an early stage and can reduce the risk of dying from lung cancer. CT screening is now a recommended clinical service in the United States, subject to guidelines and reimbursement requirements intended to standardize practice and optimize the balance of benefits and risks. In this review, the evidence on the effectiveness of CT screening will be summarized and the current guidelines and standards will be described in the context of knowledge gained from lung cancer screening studies. In addition, an overview of the potential advances that may improve CT screening will be presented, and the need to better understand the performance in clinical practice outside of the research trial setting will be discussed. © RSNA, 2020.