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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Immunotherapy for Neuro-Oncology.

Nazanin Majd1, Pushan Dasgupta2, John de Groot3

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|April 18, 2020
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Summary

Immunotherapy shows promise for brain tumors, including brain metastases (BMs) and glioblastoma (GBM). Despite challenges in the central nervous system (CNS), immunotherapy can control tumors by engaging immune responses.

Keywords:
Brain metastasesCell therapyCell vaccinesCheckpoint inhibitorsGBM immune microenvironmentGlioblastomaImmunosuppressive macrophagesImmunotherapy combinationsOncolytic viral therapiesPeptide vaccinesTumor mutational loadTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment for various malignancies.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) presents unique challenges for immunotherapy due to its microenvironment and immunosuppressive factors.
  • Despite these challenges, immunotherapy has shown success in treating brain metastases (BMs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in immunotherapy for neuro-oncology.
  • To focus on the application of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BMs) and glioblastoma (GBM).

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.
  • Analysis of challenges and successes in treating BMs and GBM with immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy is effective against BMs, demonstrating the CNS is not immune-privileged.
  • Glioblastoma (GBM) presents significant challenges for immunotherapy due to profound immunosuppression and tumor heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy holds potential for treating CNS tumors, but GBM requires further research and novel strategies.
  • Overcoming GBM-specific immunosuppression is crucial for successful immunotherapy development in primary brain tumors.