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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

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CAR T-Cells.

Ranjit Nair1, Jason Westin2

  • 1Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. RNair@mdanderson.org.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy offers a breakthrough for treating lymphomas and leukemias, showing durable responses. Further research is needed to optimize CAR-T cell design and overcome challenges for wider application.

Keywords:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaAxicabtagene ciloleucelCAR T-cellCytokine-release syndromeDiffuse large B-cell lymphomaFollicular lymphomaImmune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndromeImmunotherapyLisocabtagene maraleucelSiltuximabTisagenlecleucelTocilizumab

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Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • CAR-T cell therapy represents a significant advancement in treating hematologic malignancies.
  • Approved CAR-T products demonstrate high efficacy in patients with poor prognoses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key features of existing CAR-T cell therapy products.
  • To discuss pivotal clinical trials leading to CAR-T therapy approvals.
  • To highlight challenges in CAR-T cell manufacturing and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pivotal clinical trials and approved CAR-T cell therapy products.
  • Analysis of factors influencing CAR-T cell efficacy and toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Two CAR-T cell therapy products are FDA-approved, showing excellent and durable responses in lymphomas and leukemias.
  • Ongoing trials aim to optimize CAR-T cell design and dosing.

Conclusions:

  • CAR-T cell therapy is a highly effective treatment for specific blood cancers.
  • Addressing manufacturing challenges and T cell failure mechanisms is crucial for expanding its use.