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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Published on: April 13, 2015

Cancer Imaging in Immunotherapy.

Mira Ayoub¹, Yousra Eleneen¹, Rivka R Colen²

¹Hillman Cancer Center - Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|April 18, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Immune therapies offer new cancer treatments but present unique imaging findings. This review covers traditional and novel imaging criteria for evaluating solid tumors during immunotherapy.

Keywords:

Cancer imaging Immune imaging criteria Immunotherapy irRC irRECIST

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Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

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Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

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Published on: November 13, 2012

Area of Science:

Oncology
Radiology
Immunology

Background:

Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field, leading to novel treatment paradigms.
Immune-related therapies elicit distinct imaging patterns that differ from conventional chemotherapy.
Traditional imaging criteria may not accurately reflect treatment response in patients receiving immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review traditional and novel imaging response criteria for solid tumors.
To discuss the unique imaging characteristics associated with immunotherapies.
To highlight the challenges in evaluating treatment response with current standards.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on traditional and immune-related imaging criteria.
Comparison of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) with immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST) and immune-related Response Criteria (irRC).
Discussion of characteristic imaging findings in patients undergoing immunotherapy.

Main Results:

Immunotherapy responses can manifest as delayed tumor shrinkage, transient enlargement, or new lesions, unlike conventional therapies.
Current FDA approvals for immunotherapies still rely on RECIST criteria.
Emerging immune-related criteria (irRECIST, irRC) are being developed to better assess response.

Conclusions:

Accurate evaluation of solid tumors treated with immunotherapy requires understanding novel imaging criteria.
There is a need to reconcile traditional RECIST criteria with immune-related criteria for clinical trials and regulatory approval.
Awareness of immunotherapy-induced adverse events and their imaging manifestations is crucial.