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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The Microbiome in Immuno-oncology.

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Area of Science:

  • Cancer research
  • Immunology
  • Microbiome science

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment, but many patients still lack long-term benefits.
  • Novel strategies are needed to improve therapeutic responses and identify biomarkers for immunotherapy.
  • The microbiome's influence on host physiology and immunotherapy response is an emerging area of immuno-oncology (IO).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the current state of science regarding the microbiome's role in immuno-oncology.
  • To explore the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
  • To outline future directions and challenges in microbiome and IO research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on microbiome and immuno-oncology.
  • Discussion of evidence linking gut and tumor microbiomes to immunotherapy outcomes.
  • Analysis of the microbiome's potential impact on therapy toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests the microbiome significantly impacts host physiology and immunotherapy responses.
  • The microbiome (gut and tumor) shows potential as a biomarker for IO response.
  • The microbiome may also play a role in therapy-related toxicities.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome is a rapidly emerging field with significant potential in immuno-oncology.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the microbiome's role as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
  • Addressing challenges and defining future research directions are crucial for advancing the field.