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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Motion correction in magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Muhammad G Saleh1,2, Richard A E Edden1,2, Linda Chang3

  • 1Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motion artifacts in in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS/MRSI) can be corrected using retrospective and prospective methods. These techniques improve data quality for human brain physiology studies.

Keywords:
MRSMRSImotionnavigated spectroscopy sequenceprospective correctionretrospective correction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging (MRS/MRSI) are essential for studying human brain physiology.
  • MRS/MRSI are highly sensitive to motion artifacts caused by acquisition parameters and methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prospective and retrospective motion correction methods for clinical MRS/MRSI.
  • To discuss the implications of these methods for acquiring high-quality clinical data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of retrospective motion correction techniques.
  • Review of prospective (real-time) motion correction techniques, including voxel adjustment, frequency correction, and field homogeneity adjustments.

Main Results:

  • Motion causes spatial errors, phase fluctuations, averaging issues, line broadening, and quantitation errors in MRS/MRSI.
  • Both retrospective and prospective methods can significantly reduce or eliminate motion artifacts.

Conclusions:

  • Combining prospective and retrospective motion correction strategies is crucial for high-quality clinical MRS/MRSI.
  • These advanced methods enhance the reliability of MRS/MRSI for clinical research and diagnostics.