Sensitive detection systems for infectious agents in xenotransplantation

Area of Science:

• Xenotransplantation research
• Virology
• Immunology

Background:

• Xenotransplantation, using animal cells, tissues, or organs in humans, carries a risk of transmitting porcine microorganisms, primarily viruses, leading to zoonotic diseases.
• Defining comprehensive detection systems is crucial for assessing and mitigating these risks.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline and evaluate various detection systems for porcine viruses relevant to xenotransplantation.
• To discuss the application of these systems in screening donor animals and recipients.

Main Methods:

• Utilized a range of detection methods including PCR-based techniques (PCR, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, ddPCR) for viral nucleic acids.
• Employed cell-based assays, immunological methods (immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, ELISA), and electron microscopy for protein and infectious virus detection.
• Included sample generation, preparation, origin, timing, and rigorous controls (negative and positive) as integral parts of detection systems.

Main Results:

• Preclinical xenotransplantation trials showed limited transmission of some porcine viruses to non-human primate recipients.
• Initial clinical trials in humans reported no observed transmissions of porcine viruses.
• Various detection methods have been successfully applied to characterize pig breeds and screen xenotransplantation recipients.

Conclusions:

• Improved detection systems and virus elimination programs are essential for producing virus-free donor animals.
• Continued refinement of detection strategies will enhance the safety and efficacy of xenotransplantation procedures.