Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

Liver Histology

Liver Histology

The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...

Liver Physiology

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of 70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can also...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Corrigendum to "A comparison of the efficacy of trastuzumab deruxtecan in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer: active brain metastasis versus progressive extracranial disease alone": [ESMO Open 8 (2023) 102033].

ESMO open·2024

Same author

Influence of meteorological variables and air pollutants on measurements from automatic pollen sampling devices.

The Science of the total environment·2024

Same author

A comparison of the efficacy of trastuzumab deruxtecan in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer: active brain metastasis versus progressive extracranial disease alone.

ESMO open·2023

Same author

Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings.

The Journal of hospital infection·2023

Same author

Genome skimming elucidates the evolutionary history of Octopoda.

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution·2023

Same author

An uphill struggle.

British dental journal·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction

Published on: January 12, 2020

Liver structure and function in print workers exposed to toluene.

P Guzelian¹, S Mills, H J Fallon

¹Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298.

Journal of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association

|October 1, 1988

Summary

Workplace organic solvent exposure may cause liver damage. A study of printing factory workers found that an elevated ALT/AST ratio may indicate solvent-induced fatty liver disease, even with mild enzyme changes.

More Related Videos

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Published on: April 28, 2020

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction

Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction

Published on: January 12, 2020

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Published on: April 28, 2020

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Occupational Medicine
Hepatology
Toxicology

Background:

The link between occupational organic solvent exposure and liver damage (hepatotoxicity) remains controversial.
Printing factory workers are often exposed to organic solvents like toluene.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential hepatotoxicity in printing factory workers exposed to organic solvents.
To identify specific liver function indicators associated with solvent exposure.

Main Methods:

Medical surveillance of 289 printing factory employees exposed primarily to toluene.
Analysis of serum transaminase [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] and alkaline phosphatase levels.
Liver biopsy in symptomatic workers.

Main Results:

Eight workers with persistently abnormal liver enzymes were identified.
Mild elevations in ALT and AST were observed, with a marked increase in the ALT/AST ratio (mean = 1.61).
Liver biopsies revealed mild, pericentral fatty change in all eight workers.

Conclusions:

Pericentral fatty liver with mild reactive hepatitis is a likely diagnosis in solvent-exposed workers with excluded common causes of liver abnormalities.
An increased ALT/AST ratio may serve as a novel indicator for solvent-induced liver injury.