Imaging photoplethysmography and videocapillaroscopy enable noninvasive study of zebrafish cardiovascular system...

We report on the noninvasive method for in vivo study of fish's cardiovascular system, that is, the heart and the structure of vessels that carry blood throughout the body. The proposed approach is based on combined photoplethysmographic and videocapillaroscopic microscopic imaging and enables noncontact two-dimensional mapping of blood volume changes. We demonstrate that the obtained data allows precise measurements of heartbeat, blood flow velocity and other important parameters (see Videos S1 and S2). To validate the developed image processing technique, we have carried out multiple experiments on zebrafish-a well-proven informative model organism widely used to understand cardiac development. The proposed approach may be effective for the study of cardiovascular system formation and functioning as well as the impact of various influencing factors on them.