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Related Concept Videos

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions
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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions

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Viral gastroenteritis.

Ulrich Desselberger1, Jim Gray2

  • 1is Visiting Scientist in the UnitĂ© Mixte de Recherche Virologie MolĂ©culaire et Structurale at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Medicine (Abingdon, England : UK Ed.)
|April 21, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis, including rotaviruses and noroviruses, are discussed. The review covers their structure, diagnosis, and management, alongside less common viral pathogens in immunocompromised individuals.

Keywords:
astroviruscaliciviruschronic enteric infectionenteric adenovirusgastrointestinal infectionsimmunodeficiencyinfectionsrotavirusvaccinesviral gastroenteritis

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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Acute gastroenteritis is frequently caused by common viruses such as rotaviruses, caliciviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and astroviruses.
  • In immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, picobirnaviruses, and atypical adenoviruses are associated with chronic diarrhea.
  • Other less common viral causes of diarrhea include enteroviruses, orthoreoviruses, toroviruses, coronaviruses, and parvoviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of common and uncommon viral causes of gastroenteritis and diarrhea.
  • To discuss the various aspects of these viral infections, including their structure, replication, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, epidemiology, and management.
  • To review current knowledge on vaccine development for relevant viral pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on viral gastroenteritis.
  • Compilation of information on viral particle and genome structure, classification, and replication.
  • Analysis of data related to diagnosis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and outbreak management.

Main Results:

  • Rotaviruses, caliciviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and astroviruses are identified as major etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis.
  • A range of viruses, including CMV, HSV, picobirnaviruses, and atypical adenoviruses, are linked to chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised patients.
  • Several other viral families are recognized as uncommon causes of diarrhea.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management and prevention strategies for viral gastroenteritis require a thorough understanding of causative agents.
  • Ongoing research into viral pathogenesis and vaccine development is crucial for controlling these infections.
  • Recognizing the spectrum of viral pathogens, from common to uncommon, is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment.