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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Interhemispheric connections between olfactory bulbs improve odor detection.

Florence Kermen1,2,3, Pradeep Lal1, Nicholas G Faturos1

  • 1Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Plos Biology
|April 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interhemispheric connections in the zebrafish olfactory bulbs (OBs) integrate sensory information. These connections improve pheromone detection by modulating odor responses and potentiating neuron activity.

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Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Systems Biology
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Interhemispheric connections are crucial for sensory integration in bilaterian nervous systems.
  • The cellular and spatial organization of these networks in vertebrates, particularly their role in sensory processing, remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of interhemispheric connections in the zebrafish olfactory bulbs (OBs).
  • To understand how these connections contribute to sensory processing and odor detection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of direct interhemispheric projections between zebrafish OBs.
  • Characterization of top-down inputs from the contralateral olfactory cortex homolog.
  • Investigation of the computational properties and functional impact of these connections on odor responses.

Main Results:

  • Identified direct, topographically organized interhemispheric projections between OBs connecting similarly tuned olfactory glomeruli.
  • Observed diffuse, topographically non-organized top-down interhemispheric inputs innervating the granule cell layer.
  • Demonstrated that these connections modulate odor responses and enhance pheromone detection in complex olfactory environments.

Conclusions:

  • The zebrafish olfactory system utilizes direct and top-down interhemispheric connections with distinct organizational principles.
  • These connections balance excitation and inhibition, modulating odor responses and improving chemosensory map function.
  • Revealed a novel role for interhemispheric connections in chemosensory processing and sensory computation.