Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 23, 2025
Oropharyngeal Administration of Bleomycin in the Murine Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Published on: May 9, 2025
Does using outpatient room air for bleomycin foam preparation increase the risk of infection?
Hao Zhang1,2,3, Ming Pei Xu2,4, Zuo Qing Dong1,2
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Objective:
To evaluate whether the risk of infections is increased with the use of air from outpatient rooms to prepare bleomycin foam.
Methods:
Settling plates were adopted to collect bacteria from outpatient room air, operating theatre air, human serum albumin, bleomycin solution and bleomycin foam prepared with both outpatient room and operating theatre air. The plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 48 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was recorded using colony-forming units. The results were analysed by the t-test. A retrospective study was then performed to evaluate the outpatient safety of bleomycin foam.
Results:
The number of colony-forming units in the bleomycin foam produced using both operating and outpatient room air was very low, with no statistic difference. No infection cases were reported in clinical evaluation.
Conclusion:
Using the air from outpatient treatment rooms for bleomycin foam preparation does not increase the risk of infections.
Insights
Preparing bleomycin foam using air from outpatient rooms does not increase infection risk. Bacterial counts were low, and no infections occurred in clinical evaluations, confirming outpatient safety.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Microbiology
- Pharmaceutical Science
Background:
- Bleomycin foam is used in treating various skin conditions.
- Ensuring the sterility of pharmaceutical preparations is crucial for patient safety.
- The source of air used in preparing topical medications can impact microbial contamination.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the microbial safety of using air from outpatient treatment rooms for bleomycin foam preparation.
- To determine if this practice elevates the risk of infections compared to using operating theatre air.
Main Methods:
- Bacterial contamination was assessed using settling plates exposed to outpatient room air, operating theatre air, and prepared bleomycin foam.
- Incubation at 37°C for 48 hours allowed for colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration.
- Statistical analysis using the t-test and a retrospective clinical evaluation were performed.
Main Results:
- Bleomycin foam prepared with both outpatient and operating room air exhibited very low colony-forming unit counts.
- No statistically significant difference in bacterial contamination was observed between the two air sources.
- A retrospective clinical evaluation reported no infection cases associated with bleomycin foam prepared using outpatient room air.
Conclusions:
- The use of air from outpatient treatment rooms for bleomycin foam preparation is microbiologically safe.
- This practice does not introduce an increased risk of infection for patients receiving bleomycin foam treatment.
- Outpatient room air is a viable and safe alternative for preparing bleomycin foam.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
01:30Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes:
01:26Standard Precaution
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
01:10PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing
01:19Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...