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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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Induction of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transitions in Sarcoma Cells
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Emerging Mechanisms by which EMT Programs Control Stemness.

Molly M Wilson1, Robert A Weinberg2, Jacqueline A Lees1

  • 1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

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|April 22, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adult stem cells (SCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tissue regeneration and cancer development, respectively. Understanding the link between CSC stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may reveal new cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:
EMTcancer stem cellsstemness

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Adult stem cells (SCs) are crucial for tissue regeneration, possessing self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share SC-like properties, driving tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance, leading to cancer relapse.
  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs are implicated in promoting stemness in both SCs and CSCs across various epithelial tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the mechanisms connecting stemness and EMT programs in cancer.
  • To explore the potential of targeting the stemness-EMT axis as a therapeutic vulnerability in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on stem cells, cancer stem cells, and EMT.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between stemness and EMT.
  • Discussion of therapeutic implications derived from the stemness-EMT relationship.

Main Results:

  • The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key driver of stemness in both normal stem cells and cancer stem cells.
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit enhanced resistance to therapies, contributing to tumor recurrence.
  • The relationship between stemness and EMT presents potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between stemness and EMT is fundamental to cancer development and progression.
  • Targeting the mechanisms that link stemness and EMT could offer novel therapeutic strategies to overcome treatment resistance and prevent cancer relapse.