Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

3.7K
The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
3.7K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

6.5K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
6.5K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

1.9K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
1.9K
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

4.0K
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
4.0K
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

3.9K
The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
3.9K
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

5.1K
The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
5.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Developmental delay in attaining adult levels of motor excitability in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: a mega-analysis study.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cerebellar Paired Associative Stimulation Enhances Motor Learning and Modulates Cerebellar Output in a Timing- and Task-Dependent Manner.

Cerebellum (London, England)·2026
Same author

Defining the Rhythm: Developing a New Method to Describe Tremor and Myoclonus.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2025
Same author

Recognizing EEG responses to active TMS vs. sham stimulations in different TMS-EEG datasets: a machine learning approach.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Subthreshold intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex enhances tactile sensitivity.

Brain stimulation·2025
Same author

Artificial touch feedback using microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex to convey grip force from a robotic hand.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
08:51

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis

Published on: December 5, 2020

5.2K

Cerebellar-Motor Cortex Connectivity: One or Two Different Networks?

Danny A Spampinato1, Pablo A Celnik2, John C Rothwell3

  • 1Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom d.spampinato@ucl.ac.uk.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|April 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals two distinct cerebellar-motor cortex pathways using directional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These pathways differentially influence motor learning and plasticity, suggesting independent roles in motor control.

More Related Videos

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:50

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 4, 2022

4.4K
Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
08:51

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis

Published on: December 5, 2020

5.2K
A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:50

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 4, 2022

4.4K
Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Cerebellar and Motor Cortex Interactions

Background:

  • Cerebellum (CB) and primary motor cortex (M1) connections are crucial for motor function.
  • Distinct interneuron networks are activated by anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA) TMS pulses over M1.
  • The AP network is potentially more sensitive to cerebellar modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct interactions between the cerebellum and M1 using directional TMS.
  • To determine if these interactions differ in their response to physiological plasticity and motor learning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) with varying interstimulus intervals to probe CB-M1 interactions.
  • Employed paired associative stimulation (PAS) with ulnar nerve stimulation and PA TMS over M1.
  • Assessed differential modulation of PA-CBI and AP-CBI after distinct motor learning tasks.

Main Results:

  • Maximal CBI of PA-evoked responses occurred at 5 ms (PA-CBI), while maximal effect on AP responses was at 7 ms (AP-CBI), indicating different conduction times.
  • PAS reduced PA-CBI but not AP-CBI, suggesting distinct processing of cerebellar inputs by cortical networks.
  • PA-CBI and AP-CBI showed differential modulation following different motor learning paradigms.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports the existence of two independent CB-M1 networks, potentially representing separate cerebellar inputs to premotor cortex and M1.
  • Directional TMS can differentiate these distinct CB-M1 pathways.
  • These pathways contribute uniquely to different aspects of motor learning and behavior.