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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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Visual search in ADHD, ASD and ASD + ADHD: overlapping or dissociating disorders?

D Seernani1, K Damania2, C Ioannou1

  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
|April 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show distinct cognitive patterns. Superior local processing is linked to ASD, while increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV) is characteristic of ADHD, suggesting no overlap.

Keywords:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)Intra-subject variability (ISV)Local processingVisual search

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are frequently debated for potential overlaps.
  • Past research has often studied these neurodevelopmental disorders in isolation.
  • Systematic comparisons are needed, investigating markers of each disorder concurrently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare cognitive markers of ADHD and ASD in children aged 10-13 years.
  • To investigate superior local processing (associated with ASD) and increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV, associated with ADHD).
  • To examine these markers in groups with ADHD, ASD (with and without comorbid ADHD), and typically developing controls.

Main Methods:

  • A visual search task involving paired words was administered to 85 participants (ADHD, ASD-, ASD+, and typically developing).
  • Performance was assessed based on overall search accuracy and trial-to-trial variability (ISV).
  • Scanpath analysis using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and the Multi-Match Model was employed.

Main Results:

  • The ASD- group (ASD without comorbid ADHD) demonstrated superior search performance.
  • Increased ISV was observed exclusively in groups exhibiting ADHD symptoms (ADHD and ASD+).
  • These findings indicate distinct cognitive profiles for ASD and ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a double dissociation between ASD and ADHD regarding specific cognitive markers.
  • Superior local processing is specific to ASD, while increased ISV is specific to ADHD.
  • Evidence argues against a significant cognitive overlap between ASD and ADHD at this level of analysis.