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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Dosage Compensation

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

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When the Community Silences Disruptive Elements: Multiscale Mechanical Coupling Buffers Morphogenetic Imprecisions.

Emmanuel Martin¹, Magali Suzanne¹

¹LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.

Developmental Cell

|April 22, 2020

Summary

Tissue-scale mechanical coupling ensures precise Drosophila cephalic furrow formation by correcting gene expression noise. This mechanism explains how developmental processes achieve high shape reproducibility between individuals.

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Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Biophysics
Genetics

Background:

The precise formation of biological structures, like the Drosophila cephalic furrow, is crucial for organismal development.
Understanding how developmental processes achieve high shape reproducibility across individuals, despite inherent biological variability, remains a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the high degree of shape reproducibility in Drosophila cephalic furrow formation.
To determine how intrinsic noise in gene expression and tissue mechanics is managed during development.

Main Methods:

The study by Eritano et al. likely employed techniques to analyze gene expression patterns and tissue mechanics in developing Drosophila.
Investigated the role of tissue-scale mechanical coupling in regulating developmental precision.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that tissue-scale mechanical coupling plays a critical role in ensuring precise cephalic furrow formation.
Showed that this mechanical coupling mechanism effectively corrects for intrinsic noise in gene expression and tissue mechanics.

Conclusions:

Tissue-scale mechanical coupling is essential for achieving high precision in Drosophila cephalic furrow development.
This mechanism provides a framework for understanding how developmental robustness and shape reproducibility are achieved in biological systems.