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Multiple differences in pathogen-host cell interactions following a bacterial host shift.

Andrea J Dowling1, Geoffrey E Hill2, Camille Bonneaud3

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Bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains from house finches showed enhanced ability to invade and persist in avian cells compared to poultry strains. This suggests intracellular adaptation may facilitate bacterial disease emergence in new hosts.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Disease Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Novel disease emergence often involves pathogen trait changes for host adaptation.
  • Bacterial pathogens may differ significantly from viruses in life history and host-shift mechanisms.
  • Understanding bacterial host shifts is crucial for preventing infectious disease outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular interaction capabilities of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains responsible for epizootic outbreaks in house finches.
  • To compare the adherence, invasion, intracellular persistence, and cytotoxicity of house finch-origin strains against poultry strains in model avian cells.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro assays using cultured chicken embryonic fibroblasts.
  • Comparison of house finch epizootic outbreak strains (e.g., HF_1994) with reference virulent (R_low) and attenuated (R_high) poultry strains.
  • Assessment of bacterial adherence, invasion, intracellular survival, and cytotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • House finch epizootic outbreak strains demonstrated superior adherence, invasion, intracellular persistence, and exit from chicken embryonic fibroblasts compared to poultry strains.
  • The house finch strain HF_1994 exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and even a cytoprotective effect on avian cells.
  • Poultry strains showed higher cytotoxicity towards avian cells.

Conclusions:

  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains causing house finch epizootics appear adapted to intracellular environments, potentially aiding colonization and immune evasion in the novel host.
  • This intracellular invasion phenotype may have been critical for the successful host shift from poultry to house finches.
  • Further studies are needed to confirm these interactions in house finch cells and their role in host-shift success.