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Carbohydrate supramolecular chemistry: beyond the multivalent effect.

Manuel González-Cuesta1, Carmen Ortiz Mellet, José M García Fernández

  • 1Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain. mellet@us.es.

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Multivalency in sugar ligands significantly enhances lectin binding and influences carbohydrate interactions. Recent findings challenge traditional views, revealing broader roles for multivalency in biological recognition and enzyme inhibition.

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate chemistry and supramolecular chemistry
  • Glycoscience and glycobiology
  • Biophysical chemistry and molecular recognition

Background:

  • Sugar ligand multivalency dramatically increases lectin-binding avidities, impacting biological information transfer.
  • The glycoside cluster effect is crucial in cell biology, driving the development of glycoarchitectures to mimic the glycocalyx.
  • Existing models often overlook cell membrane heterogeneity, fluidity, and interactions with diverse carbohydrate-binding proteins like glycosidases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the generalized multivalent effect in carbohydrate-mediated biological recognition.
  • To explore how multivalency influences interactions beyond lectins, including glycosidases.
  • To highlight the implications of (hetero)multivalency in biological contexts, including promiscuity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on multivalent interactions, glycoside cluster effects, and heterocluster effects.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating multivalent enzyme inhibition by glycomimetic and glyco-architectures.
  • Synthesis of evidence challenging the paradigm of distinct recognition mechanisms for lectins and glycosidases.

Main Results:

  • Evidence questions the assumption that high ligand density is always required for lectin recognition.
  • The heterocluster effect demonstrates that secondary ligands can modulate lectin binding to complex glycoarchitectures.
  • Multivalent effects have been observed in glycosidase inhibition, indicating broader applicability of the multivalent concept.

Conclusions:

  • A generalized multivalent effect governs supramolecular chemistry of carbohydrates and glycomimetics in biological systems.
  • (Hetero)multivalency acts as a multimodal switch, directing biological information through various pathways.
  • Understanding (hetero)multivalency is key to harnessing its potential risks and opportunities in biological applications.