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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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Anchoring the human olfactory system within a functional gradient.

Alice Waymel1, Patrick Friedrich2, Pierre-Antoine Bastian3

  • 1Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Hyperedge Instruments, France.

Neuroimage
|April 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human brain

Keywords:
ConnectivityDual origin theoryEvolutionGradientsMagnetic resonance imagingMemoryOlfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Brain Anatomy
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Five independent functional connectivity gradients in the human brain were previously identified.
  • The link between these functional gradients and brain anatomy remains unclear.
  • The Dual Origin theory posits two evolutionary differentiation trends in cortical cytoarchitecture: hippocampocentric and olfactocentric systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomical basis of functional connectivity gradients in the human brain.
  • To explore the relationship between the first and fifth functional gradients and the Dual Origin theory's proposed systems.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptualizing functional connectivity gradients within the evolutionary framework of the Dual Origin theory.
  • Describing the anatomy of the olfactocentric system.
  • Presenting evidence to support the hypothesis linking the fifth gradient to the olfactocentric system.

Main Results:

  • The first functional connectivity gradient likely represents the hippocampocentric system anatomically.
  • The fifth functional connectivity gradient is hypothesized to link to the olfactocentric system.
  • The anatomy of the olfactocentric system and supporting evidence are described.

Conclusions:

  • The first and fifth functional gradients may model the Dual Origin theory of the human brain.
  • These findings can inform future brain models and understanding of neurological pathologies.