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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

247
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
247
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.3K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.3K
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

5.5K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

51.6K
Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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H2S, Polysulfides, and Enzymes: Physiological and Pathological Aspects.

Noriyuki Nagahara1, Maria Wróbel2

  • 1Nippon Medical School, Isotope Research Institute, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.

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|April 25, 2020
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Summary

This research explores the physiological and pathological roles of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and polysulfides. It investigates the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and regulation, aiming to uncover new functions and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferaseH2Scystathionine β-synthasecystathionine γ-lyasepolysulfidesthiosulfate sulfurtransferase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Extensive research over 20 years on hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and polysulfides.
  • Focus on enzymes involved in H₂S and polysulfide biosynthesis: cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase.

Discussion:

  • Elucidating novel physiological and pathological functions of H₂S and polysulfides.
  • Investigating the regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes.
  • Exploring alternative biosynthetic pathways and additional functions of H₂S and polysulfides.

Key Insights:

  • Detailed understanding of H₂S and polysulfide functions.
  • Insights into the properties and reaction mechanisms of related enzymes.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic targets through enzyme regulation studies.

Outlook:

  • Utilizing knockout mouse models to discover new physiological functions.
  • Examining human congenital enzyme deficiencies for disease insights.
  • Further research into in vivo regulation of enzymatic activity to uncover new H₂S and polysulfide functions.