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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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The Osteosarcoma Microenvironment: A Complex But Targetable Ecosystem.

Isabelle Corre1,2, Franck Verrecchia1, Vincent Crenn1,3

  • 1UMR1238 Phy-Os "Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues", INSERM, Nantes University, F-44035 Nantes, France.

Cells
|April 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteosarcoma treatments remain insufficient due to tumor heterogeneity. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, including extracellular vesicles and multi-kinase inhibitors, offers new therapeutic strategies for this bone cancer.

Keywords:
boneextracellular vesiclesmicroenvironmentmulti-kinase inhibitorsosteosarcomastromal cellstargeted therapiesvascular cells

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Osteosarcomas are the most common primary bone cancers, primarily affecting young individuals and elderly adults.
  • Current treatments combining chemotherapy and surgery show limited efficacy, with no improvement in survival rates over recent decades.
  • Tumor heterogeneity and lack of identified driver mutations hinder targeted therapy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components of the osteosarcoma microenvironment.
  • To provide an overview of current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the osteosarcoma ecosystem.
  • To highlight the role of extracellular vesicles and multi-kinase inhibitors in novel treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on osteosarcoma biology and treatment.
  • Analysis of the role of the tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma progression.
  • Examination of emerging therapeutic strategies, including extracellular vesicle-based therapies and multi-kinase inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Osteosarcomas are characterized by significant intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity.
  • The tumor microenvironment is crucial for osteosarcoma growth and metastasis.
  • Extracellular vesicles and multi-kinase inhibitors represent promising avenues for targeted therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Novel therapeutic strategies must address the complexity of the osteosarcoma microenvironment.
  • Targeting extracellular vesicles and utilizing multi-kinase inhibitors show potential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research into the tumor microenvironment is essential for developing more effective osteosarcoma treatments.