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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Small for gestational age is a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction in preterm newborns.

Chunhua Liu1, Kaiyan Wang2, Jizhong Guo1

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.

BMC Pediatrics
|April 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Preterm infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) exhibit higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and increased thyroid dysfunction. Close monitoring of thyroid function is recommended for these newborns.

Keywords:
NewbornPretermSmall for gestational ageThyroid dysfunctionThyroid function testThyroid hormoneThyroid-stimulating hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal endocrinology
  • Pediatric thyroid disorders
  • Perinatal medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for central nervous system development.
  • Altered thyroid hormone levels in preterm small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are understudied.
  • Hypothesis: Preterm SGA infants have higher TSH and increased thyroid dysfunction compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare thyroid hormone levels and thyroid dysfunction incidence in preterm SGA versus AGA newborns.
  • To investigate the association between SGA birth and altered thyroid hormone concentrations.
  • To test the hypothesis of higher TSH and thyroid dysfunction in preterm SGA infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of preterm infants' medical records (NICU admission, Jan 2015-Dec 2018).
  • Analysis of blood samples for TSH, FT4, and FT3 between 72-96 hours of life.
  • Statistical analysis of thyroid function tests (TFTs) and clinical factors to identify SGA-related thyroid alterations.

Main Results:

  • SGA group showed significantly higher TSH concentrations (p=0.018) compared to AGA.
  • Higher TSH levels were associated with being SGA (β=0.68, p=0.013) or lower birth weight Z-score (β=-0.25, p=0.028).
  • SGA group had increased transient hypothyroxinemia with delayed TSH elevation (dTSHe), higher levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment rates, and more frequent follow-ups.

Conclusions:

  • Preterm SGA newborns demonstrate elevated TSH within the normal range and a higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction.
  • These findings suggest a need for close follow-up with periodic TFTs and endocrinologic evaluation for SGA newborns.
  • The study highlights potential thyroid-related challenges in preterm SGA infants requiring attention.