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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Hypoglycemia, Malnutrition and Body Composition.

I Khanimov1, M Shimonov1,2, J Wainstein1,3

  • 1Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, significantly impacts patient outcomes and is prevalent in hospitals. Nutritional status and comorbidities are key risk factors for hypoglycemia, necessitating proactive management.

Keywords:
AlbuminBody compositionCholesterolDiabetes mellitusHypoglycemiaMalnutritionMuscle glucose metabolismNRS-2002NutritionONS

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia significantly affects patient prognosis, irrespective of diabetes mellitus (DM) status.
  • Traditionally viewed as iatrogenic or disease-related, hypoglycemia increasingly recognized as occurring in predisposed individuals.
  • Incident hypoglycemia is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients, affecting 1 in 6 with DM and 1 in 17 without DM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review specific findings characterizing patients at risk for hypoglycemia.
  • To elaborate on treatments aimed at preventing hypoglycemia occurrence.
  • To highlight the role of nutritional status and comorbidities in hypoglycemia risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypoglycemia risk factors and prevention.
  • Analysis of factors including nutritional status, comorbidities, and iatrogenic causes.
  • Discussion of assessment methods (questionnaires, biomarkers) and interventions (nutritional supplements).

Main Results:

  • Nutritional status on admission and during hospitalization is a major factor in hypoglycemia incidence.
  • Oral nutritional supplements can decrease the risk of hypoglycemia.
  • High comorbidity burden, particularly kidney disease and endocrine disorders, increases hypoglycemia risk.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying patients with a tendency for hypoglycemia is crucial for effective management.
  • Proactive assessment of nutritional status and comorbidities aids in risk stratification.
  • Targeted interventions, including nutritional support, can mitigate hypoglycemia risk in hospitalized patients.