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Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

High affinity between CREBBP/p300 and NCOA evolved in vertebrates.

Elin Karlsson¹, Amanda Lindberg¹, Eva Andersson¹

¹Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society

|April 25, 2020

Summary

The high-affinity interaction between CREBBP/p300 and NCOA protein domains evolved in vertebrates, not all deuterostomes. This finding impacts understanding of transcriptional regulation evolution.

Keywords:

ACTR CBP CID CREBBP NCBD echinoderm intrinsically disordered protein p300 protein evolution protein-protein interaction

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Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

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High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo

High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo

Published on: August 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology
Genetics

Background:

The interaction between transcriptional coactivators CREBBP/p300 and NCOA is crucial for gene regulation.
This interaction is mediated by intrinsically disordered domains: NCBD (from CREBBP/p300) and CID (from NCOA).
The CID domain appeared in deuterostomes, but the evolution of high-affinity interaction within this clade is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary timeline of the high-affinity NCBD:CID interaction within deuterostomes.
To determine if all extant deuterostome species possess this high-affinity interaction.

Main Methods:

Expression and affinity measurement of NCBD and CID domains from various deuterostome species.
Comparative analysis of interaction affinities across different evolutionary branches.

Main Results:

All examined vertebrate species exhibit high-affinity NCBD:CID interactions.
The interaction in the purple sea urchin (an echinoderm) shows similar affinity to proposed ancestral domains.
This suggests the high-affinity interaction likely evolved specifically within the vertebrate lineage.

Conclusions:

The high-affinity interaction between CREBBP/p300 and NCOA appears to have evolved in vertebrates.
The essentiality of this interaction in non-vertebrate deuterostomes is questioned.
Provides an example of transcriptional regulation evolution via protein-domain innovations.