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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
Published on: May 1, 2018
Profile of upper extremity strength and function in division 1 collegiate athletes
Marisa Pontillo1, Brian J Sennett1
1Penn Sports Medicine Center, University of Pennsylvania, 235 S. 33rd Street, Ste 1, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Objectives:
To profile shoulder strength and functional test scores in collegiate athletes across various sports.
Design:
Cross-sectional.
Setting:
Pre-participation physical screens for varsity athletes at a Division I university.
Participants:
476 healthy Division 1 collegiate athletes (270 males; 27 varsity sports).
Main Outcome Measures:
Two trials of each 1. Isometric peak force (PF) using hand-held dynamometry for shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and forward elevation (FE) in kg; 2. Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), quantified by number of touches.
Results:
PF values (mean(SD), dominant/non-dominant) for females were: IR = 8.7(2.6)/8.7(6.2); ER = 8.2(2.5)/7.9(2.5); FE = 8.0(2.5)/8.0(2.7); CKCUEST scores were 21.8(3.9). PF values for males were: IR = 12.0(3.8)/11.9(3.6); ER = 10.7(3.4)/10.7(3.5); FE = 10.7(3.5)/10.4 (3.5); CKCUEST scores were 26.0(4.1) touches.
Conclusions:
Normative values should be used as an athlete's baseline for the CKCUEST. This may help target athletes who are at a higher risk of upper extremity injury and help with goals or return to sport readiness during the rehabilitation process.
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