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Related Concept Videos

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response01:15

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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
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Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
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Does circadian rhythm influence gastrointestinal toxicity?

Elisa N Hofmeister1, Sophie Fisher1, Oxana Palesh1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

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This review examines how circadian rhythms affect gastrointestinal toxicity from cancer treatments. Further research is needed to develop effective circadian-based interventions for managing side effects like nausea and diarrhea.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Circadian rhythms regulate gastrointestinal functions including digestion and cellular proliferation.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents often exhibit time-dependent effects in animal models.
  • Chronotherapy, timed cancer treatment, has shown potential in preclinical studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research on circadian rhythm's impact on cancer treatment-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • To explore clinical evidence for chronotherapy in managing gastrointestinal symptoms.
  • To assess the current understanding of circadian mechanisms in the GI tract.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on circadian rhythms and gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data on chronotherapy for cancer treatment side effects.
  • Examination of mechanistic studies on circadian control of gastrointestinal physiology.

Main Results:

  • Circadian rhythms significantly influence gastrointestinal physiology and toxicity.
  • Animal models support chronotherapy's potential to reduce GI toxicity.
  • Clinical trials on chronotherapy have yielded limited efficacy, shifting focus to mechanistic understanding.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian timing is a promising target for reducing cancer treatment-related GI toxicity.
  • More research is required to fully understand circadian rhythms before developing effective interventions.
  • Individualized circadian rhythm assessment may be crucial for future therapeutic strategies.