Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 23, 2025
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction with Simultaneous Nipple-Sparing Mastopexy Utilizing an Inferiorly Based
Ali M Mosharrafa1, Tamir M Mosharrafa1, Victor J Zannis1
1From Mosharrafa Plastic Surgery and the Comprehensive Breast Care Center of Arizona.
Background:
Direct-to-implant breast reconstruction continues to grow in popularity among reconstructive breast surgeons and patients alike. Women with large breasts and ptosis are often thought not to be candidates for nipple sparing or direct-to-implant reconstruction. The authors utilized a single-stage, nipple-sparing, direct-to-implant reconstruction with simultaneous mastopexy, while the nipple-areolar complex was kept viable on an inferiorly based adipodermal flap in a single stage. They report their experience and outcomes using this approach in women with breast ptosis and/or macromastia.
Methods:
The authors reviewed all direct-to-implant reconstructions with simultaneous nipple-sparing mastopexies performed from June of 2015 to March of 2019. Sixty-five patients and 125 breast reconstructions were analyzed.
Results:
Among the 65 patients (125 breast reconstructions), 15 (23 percent) had implants placed in the prepectoral space, and 50 (77 percent) had them placed subpectorally. Forty-seven patients (72 percent) had acellular dermal matrix used. Partial nipple-areolar complex necrosis occurred in six patients (9 percent). Other complications included partial mastectomy flap necrosis (n = 8 patients, 12 percent), implant exposure (n = 3, 4 percent), infection (n = 1, 1 percent), capsular contracture (n = 4, 6 percent), and reoperation (n = 11, 16 percent). Mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 3 to 47 months). There have been no cancer recurrences reported in any participants to date.
Conclusions:
Nipple-sparing mastectomy with mastopexy and immediate direct-to-implant reconstruction dramatically improved the authors' results for implant-based breast reconstruction patients. The higher than expected explantation rate of 7 percent early in the study has since improved. This approach provides an opportunity to expand indications for nipple-sparing mastectomy and direct-to-implant reconstruction to women with breast ptosis and/or macromastia.
Clinical Question/Level Of Evidence:
Therapeutic, IV.
