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Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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[Hormone replacement therapy in peri- and postmenopause].

M Henes1, S Hübner2

  • 1Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsfrauenklinik Tübingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. melanie.henes@med.uni-tuebingen.de.

Der Internist
|April 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can alleviate menopausal symptoms. Recent evidence suggests risks previously associated with HRT are not generalizable to typical patients or modern medications.

Keywords:
EstrogensPerimenopausal disordersPostmenopausal disordersPreventionProgestins

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Menopause Management
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Menopausal disorders significantly impact women's quality of life.
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a potential treatment for menopausal symptoms.
  • Past studies like the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) raised concerns about HRT risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current evidence and recommendations for HRT in peri- and postmenopausal women.
  • To address the impact of the WHI study on HRT prescription patterns.
  • To provide updated guidance based on the German S3 guideline.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence, including subgroup analyses and studies mitigating WHI data.
  • Analysis of the German S3 guideline "Peri- and Postmenopause-Diagnostics and Therapy" (2020).
  • Synthesis of information on HRT indications, contraindications, practical approaches, risks, and prevention.

Main Results:

  • The increased risks reported in the WHI study are not applicable to typical postmenopausal patients or current HRT medications.
  • Ongoing research and subgroup analyses have nuanced the interpretation of earlier findings.
  • The German S3 guideline incorporates the latest evidence for HRT management.

Conclusions:

  • HRT remains a viable option for managing menopausal symptoms when indicated.
  • Current understanding suggests risks are lower and more manageable than previously feared.
  • Updated guidelines provide a framework for safe and effective HRT use.