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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
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Protein Markers in Osteoporosis.

Teresa Porcelli1, Letizia Pezzaioli2, Andrea Delbarba3

  • 1Endocrinology, Montichiari Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Montichiari, Italy.

Protein and Peptide Letters
|April 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Proteomics research in osteoporosis is identifying new protein biomarkers like Gelsolin (GSN) and Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in blood cells. While promising for diagnosing osteoporosis, further studies are needed for clinical application.

Keywords:
Biomarkersbone mineral densitybone remodellingbone turnoverosteoporosisproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease marked by low bone mass and tissue deterioration.
  • Biomarkers of bone turnover are crucial for managing bone diseases and assessing treatment response.
  • Proteomics offers novel approaches for detecting bone physiology and pathology biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the application of proteomics in osteoporosis research in vivo.
  • To identify promising protein biomarkers associated with osteoporosis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 14 published studies on proteomics in osteoporosis.
  • Proteomic analysis primarily performed on peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) as an osteoporosis cell model.
  • Investigation of microvesicles (MVs) as potential diagnostic targets.

Main Results:

  • Several proteins show altered expression in osteoporosis patients.
  • Gelsolin (GSN), Annexin A2 (ANXA2), and Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB) are identified as promising biomarkers.
  • These proteins correlate with bone mineral density (BMD), with some showing upregulation and others downregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Proteomics is a novel field with significant theoretical potential for osteoporosis diagnosis.
  • Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) serve as a viable cell model for proteomic studies in osteoporosis.
  • Further research is essential to translate proteomic findings into clinically applicable diagnostic markers.