Sickle Cell Anemia in Cuba: Prevention and Management, 1982-2018

Sickle cell anemia is the most common hereditary disease in Cuba. On average, 1 in 33 Cubans is a carrier of this severe hemolytic anemia that can cause early death. In early 1980, its incidence in Cuba was calculated at 1 in 1600 births. In 1982, the Cuban public health system established the Sickle Cell Anemia Prevention Program, which aims to prevent the disease through identification of carrier couples and antenatal diagnosis of fetuses with disease-associated genotypes. In 1982-2018, hemoglobin genotypes were tested in 4,847,239 pregnant women. Of these, 168,865 (3.5%) were found to be carriers or to have sickle cell disease. During the same period, 8180 at-risk couples were identified, of whom 79.2% agreed to an antenatal study for detection of the sickle cell gene in the fetus. Among fetuses diagnosed, 20.1% had the SS genotype, the most clinically severe; 76.2% of the associated couples decided to interrupt the pregnancy. This program has resulted in a 3-fold reduction in prevalence of sickle cell disease in Cuba, a 10-fold reduction in the number of infants born with it each year, and a 16-year average increase in life expectancy of sickle cell disease patients of both sexes. Key contributors to these results have been universal screening of pregnant women in primary care, installation of diagnostic laboratories in every province, genetic counseling for couples, testing of fetal DNA (allowing couples to decide whether to continue the pregnancy if the fetus tests positive for the disease) and guaranteed multidisciplinary clinical care for patients. The Cuban experience shows that a middle-income country can mitigate the impact of a genetic disease through a universal preventive program based in primary care, which also pays particular attention to afflicted patients. KEYWORDS Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease, sickle cell disorders, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell trait, sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, HbS disease, prevention, antenatal screening, preventive health services, Cuba.