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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Primary hyperparathyroidism.

Júlia V Oberger Marques1, Carolina A Moreira2

  • 1Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (SEMPR), Curitiba, Brazil.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|April 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a condition of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH), often presents asymptomatically. Diagnosis involves calcium and PTH levels, with surgery as the primary treatment for symptomatic or indicated cases.

Keywords:
Bone resorptionHypercalcemiaHyperparathyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Calcium Homeostasis

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) results from excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, causing hypercalcemia.
  • Historically symptomatic, PHPT is now predominantly diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals (80-90%) through routine calcium testing.
  • Manifestations range from classic bone and kidney issues to atypical cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To outline diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for PHPT.
  • To highlight the evolving clinical presentation and management guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria for PHPT.
  • Discussion of imaging techniques for parathyroid localization (ultrasound, scintigraphy, 4D CT).
  • Analysis of treatment options, including parathyroidectomy and clinical management.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is frequently incidental, based on elevated calcium and PTH levels.
  • Imaging modalities aid in localizing hyperactive parathyroid glands prior to surgery.
  • Parathyroidectomy is the definitive treatment, with clinical management reserved for non-surgical candidates.

Conclusions:

  • PHPT diagnosis relies on biochemical assessment, often in asymptomatic patients.
  • Surgical intervention is the preferred treatment, with specific indications outlined.
  • Management strategies should consider the spectrum of PHPT manifestations and patient-specific factors.